The succession to Muḥammad a study of the early Caliphate - Wilferd Madelung (Cambridge ; New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University Press, 2004)
Introduction 1. Abu Bakr: the successor of the Messenger of God and the caliphate of Quraysh 2. 'Umar: Commander of the Faithful, Islamic meritocracy, consultation and Arab empire 3. 'Uthman: the Viceregent of God and the reign of 'Abd Shams 4. 'Ali
Keywords: Islamic Empire --History --622-661.